Super APUSH Prep

Semester 1

Chapter 1

Native Americans

• 60+ million people in Americas, Mesoamerica had empires rivalling Europe (Aztec, Inca) while others were hunter-gatherers

• People likely came from Bering Strait land bridge, spreading down to majority Mexico and the Andez (densest)

• Domesticated Crops (maize) became the foundation for an urban society

• Aztec (Mexico): Had capital Tenochtitlan, super wealthy and rich, collected taxes from conquered peoples, regularly conducted ritual sacrifice

• Incas (Andes): Had capital Cusco, dense road network, administrative centers

• Mississippi Valley: thanks to maize, orgnaized distinct societies emerged, which had social organization. Cahokia for example, was the center of Natitve American culture, but fell due to environmental/warfare struggles. LACKED SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS.

• Algonquian/Iroquoian up north divided into distinct CHIEFDOM - one claims power - societies built on crops

• Mid-atlantic region had local chiefs, while some groups (IROQUOIS) gave political powers to groups of leaders/sachems. Iroquois were matriarchial and avoided violence.

• In New England region, many indian tribes (Wampanoag, Mohegans) were in conflict - euro nations exploited these conflicts.

• In Great lakes, you had Ottawas, Potawatomis, etc. that created a conflicting social landscape. They used a lake network to get food, trade, and diplomacy stuff

• Great Plains (Lakota/Comanche/Sioux) inhabited by small hunter-gatheres who chased bison. THe Horse revolutionized this region, allowing for better hunting and fighitng

• Great Basin had numic speaking peoples with some using horses and others not

• Southwest had hostile dry environment, so peuple like the Pueblo had to adapt with water irrigation and cool mounds

• Pacific Coast had hunter gatherers who fished and were kinda independent cuz language barrier

• Networks tied regions together and enhanced diets and economics - specialization in economic activities), trade of war captives and food resources, diplomacy and stuff, happened basically everywhere (Upper Mississippi river, Great Plains, among Nomadic Hunts- Navajo/Apaches)

• When euro ppl came, Indian hunters went to their trading posts

• Leaders had unequal wealth and the best leaders would share it equally

• Most natives were animist, believing the natural world had divine power and wanted to understand the world through dreams and visions - birth sacred

• SOCITIES PATRIARCHIAL!! Men hunted and got food and conducted war for land and geographic advantage and just bragging rights, women tended to society and stuff

Western European Stuff

• Lots of kingdoms and republics where kings led nobles and were very corrupt and exploited the peasants and stuff. Nobles in general regularly challenged kings.

• Society was Patriarchial as per the Christian Church values of women being subservient. Plus, primogeniture took reign - eldest son getrs inheritance. Thanks to institutional power, this authority persisted.

• Most people were peasants who led lives akin to Native AMericans, planting and harvesting and trying to basically survive. However, serfs were exploited by their masters. A majority of the migrant sot the new world would be these peasants from Europe.

• Trade Networks: clocks, compasses, spices/silk, etc. Obtained this stuff from Arabs, who brought cool asian stuff to Europe. As a result, merchants and bankers got rich, Kings helped these merchants, and nobles lost power.

• ANimism prevalent inEurope, too - CHrisitanity, fro example (natural world flawed! Jesus is the way!! DO NOT HERESY!! THATS SIN!). Islam threatened chrisitniaty, so crusades happened.

• MArtin Luther began the reformation, protestant regime emerged w/ predestimantion (ur already selected to be in heaven) and eventually protestant reformation.This shaped European colonization as CATHOLIC POWERS (Spain, Portugal, France, mostly Spain though) fopcused on CONVERSION while PROTESTANT NATIONS (England, Netherlands) wanted christian communities based on cool protestantism - separate from indian ppl, focus on trade/economy

Pro Africa Stuff

• Monotheistic Religions, divine kings, and rich empires (Ghana -> Mali -> Songhai). Gold abundant and was very powerful. SMall kingdoms competed, no livestock and mostly yams and stuff/resource gathering. African nations important in Trans-saharan but outside Songhai/Mali it was costly and expensive

• Islam prevalent in most of thes nations, some pre-existing cultures emphasized worshipping ancestors (Ancestral venertaion) and emphasized big families/many kids (get coookin)

Start of Exploring

• Henry of Portugal wanted Sahara’s gold. Thanks to the caravan and lanteen sail, he colinized some islands in the west (Cape Verde, Sao Tome). Meanwhile, atlantic islands began getting exploited for cash crops with the ppl enslaved. In Africa, bc of disease, direct conquest wasn’t possible so Euros established trading posts instead.

• Vasco Da Gama found East Africa/India and got spice trade. Euros now the leaders in Asian commerce.

• Slavery is crazyin Africa, being held for security (debts, food, etc.). Many were war captives and were sometiems freed. They were essential to teh Trans-saharan trade but bc of vast profits Europeans built trading posts to exploit this trade and later exploit slaves.

• Spanish funded many incursions to the west, including Christopher Columbus. He didnt find gold but found livestock and ppl!!! Amerigo Vesapicci suggested a “new world” was out tehre, rich for the spanish to brutally subdue native americans for gold and slaves and other stuff.

• Spanish person Hernan Cortez destroyed Aztec with smallpox while Francisco Pizzaro destroyed Incas with disease and civil rivalry. Disease in general jsut killed indians but didnt wipe them out. EVOLUTIOn!!!!

• Portuguese found Brazil, made sugar plantations and became the leading producer, using native and then slave ppls

Chapter 2

Spain is Cool Now

• Encomedia: land grants, tribute, and right to demand free labor. Along with mita system, Spanish could increase their land grant size with the gold/silver mining.

• Spain got incredibly wealthy with all the silver mining but rapid inflation caused them to fall. Plus, their fleet got outmatched by British fleet.

• Racial mixture prominent so casta system (racial hierarchy system) developed, they supressed indian beleifs in favor of promoting chrisanity conversion. They also built large estates (haciendas) and regional trade markets

• DIsease carried from Europe to Americas, decimating the population in the ensuing COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE - disease, livestock, horses, tefchnology from Europe sent to Americas, who changed Euro landscape with new crops. Slaves came from Africa.

• Calvinist Dutch republic born from protesting agwainst Catholic Spanish rule

• Henry VIII used to love catholicism, switched to protestantism, his daughter Elizabeth I ordered aggressive action against Spanish western hemisphere control supporting military expeditions (expanding navy - destroyed Spanish armada. Spain is no longer cool.)

• As english population grew, monarchs supported commerce/manufacturing expansion, allowing growth of economy - MERCANTILISM (gov assisted manufacturing). This helped England grow the wealth necessary to challenge Spain’s western hemisphere control

Plantation Colonies

• Brazil had thousands of factory-like sugar plantation using slaves

• England had Tobacco colonies - Jamestown (estbalished by Virginia Company of Lnodon, focused on trade, survived on Indian goods, conflicted with neighboring Powahatan)

• Indian war of 1622 saw Virgiia Company charter revoked (indiians killed many english ppls). It became royal colony where CHurch of ENgland established.

• Maryland second tobacco colony, it was refuge for catholics escaping persecution. They imported artisans and migrants but had political conflict -> Toleration Act allowe catholics to practice their beliefs.

• English expanded into caribbean islands, adopting sugar cultivation (begame most profitable colonies)

• Tobacco had huge demand in Europe, so plantations were dominated by indentured servants (had too many rights, so switched to slaves after Bacon’s Rebellion). They had harsh lives. Status of Africans began lwoering as tobacco industry collapsed.

Neo Euro Colonies

• French did fur trade and converted a few. Gave more rights than english did to indentured servants, but lacked migration to the colony.

• Dutch created New Amsterdam for fur trade, only wanted businesses (traded with iroquois). The Dutch East India company prioritized the brazilian sugar/african slave trade, so the British took over New Amsterdam and made it New York.

• New England was religion-focused, settled by family groups. Puritans established the Massachusetts bay colony w/ representative polticial institutions. They believed in predestination. Meanwhile, Roger Williams was banned from Massachusetts so he formed Rhode Island. Women were deemed inferior. Other puritans settled Connecticut colony. Both Massachusetts and COnnecticut saw witch hangings. Lots of pro yeomen farmers too.

War is Dangerous!

• Puritan-Pequot War fought bewteen ENglish “god’s chosen ones” and Pequot warriors over land. ENglish were “divine” so they could have it. Metacom’s War was fought bc Wampanoag Indians were outnumbered by whites 3:1. Bacon’s Rebellion was uprising against royal governor bc of neighboring indian pop - bc of them, it was hard for serfs to acquire land (indians were guaranteed land along the frontier). Nathaniel Bacon burned Jamestown, issued “manifesto of the declaration of the people,” and died. He eventually made chesapeake planters turn away from indentured servants.

Chapter 3

Colonies to Empires

• Charles II exists, who gave New Netherlands to James duke of York and gave Pennsylvania to Willaim Penn as a sanctuary for the pacifist Quakers (pro indian trade, anti war, prospered w/ religious freedom for all christians).

• Navigation Act and Revenue Act imposed on Colonies, using legal strat to enforce it. James II wanted to strengthen the cointorl over the colonies with tehse acts. He also merge COnnecticut and Rhose Island w/ Massachusetts Bay, forming the DOminion of New England.

• Glorious Revolution: Protestant parliamentary leaders carried out bloodless coup against the catholic son of James II, pujtting QUeen Mary II and King William II on the throne. CIting John Locke’s “Two Treaties on Government” - reject divine right theories of monarfchial rule, celebrating indiivduals rights and representative government - to justify the coup, colonial rebellions began for political and religious reasons. Meanwhile, the new monarchs wanted an empire based on commerce, and what resulted was a period of lax administration and colonial autonomy.

Imperial Wars and Native Peoples

• With tons of European Wars over Western European dominance spreading to the Americas and affecting native tribes, natives began tribalization - creating new political entities, empowering themselves while Europe killed itself. Ex: Iroquois get guns and stuff for “neutrality”

• Creek tribe became the dominant tribe in Spanish Florida afte rthe War of SPanish Succession. Plus, natives just had a role in lots of wars during this time. Britain won most of these wars and acquired lots of land (Hudson Bay Region in Canada)

Slave Economy

• Thanks to the atlantic slave trade, the South Atlantic System, mainly producing sugar (Barbados was most profitable sugar colony), was sustained with plantation-style production on large plantations. Slave trade, navigational act, and sugar/tobacco exports let British economy BOOM - expanding shipbuilding industry, stimulating construction of port facilities, and increasing textile manufacturing. Isn’t that so cool?

• West African Society was drained of people bc of slave trade with many african kingdoms participating in it themselves, imbalancing the sexes. Slaves would endure the Middle Passage, dying from disease and harsh cramped conditions on ships bound for the Americas.

• Tons of slaves in Virginia and Maryland as a “slave society” started to form. With slavery increasing defined in racial terms (all africans deemed slaves) and with slave families encouraged (more slaves == more workforce), slaves took up a sizable portion of the popilation.

• AN African American community began to emerge from this as slaves from different regions started merging cultures. Harsh punishments, new identies, lots of rebellion (ex: Stono Rebellion was largest slave uprising of 18th century), and other stuff.

• Southern Gentry rose by paying attention to middling/poor white’s concerns to prevent rebellion, gradually reducing taxes. Let it be known that a majority of whites didnt own slaves; only the wealthest ppl and the biggest planters had large amounts of slaves. However, the majority of chesapeakj families had at least 1. The soutehrn gentry took on a lavish lifestyle.

The Northern Maritime Economy

• The South Atlantic System tied the British empire together and West Indian trad ecreated fortunes foir some merchants, Plus, first urban industries. Also, Atlantic commerce expanded as shipbuilding and lumber fueled rapid growth in coastal towns and seaport cities.

The New Politics of Empire

• Thanks to the South Atlantic System’s success, the british wanted to use a gentle hand to rule the colonies (Salutary Neglect - relaxed supervision on colonial affairs in favor of defense/trade) while the colonies were ready to challenge the mercanitilist system. Thanks to teh Glorious revolution,m Colonial Assemblies and the House of Commons rose in power at the expense of the Crown. In fact, most colonies had representative poliotical isntuttions that responded to popular pressure and were increasingly immune to briths control.

• Sir Robert Walpole is kinda dumb and accidentally caused War of jenkin’s Ear w/ the Spanish bc of the British expansion into Goergia. As a result, Walpole tried to launch a war against the Spanish empire, failed, and eventually a treaty was formed. It showed British military superiority over Spanish and gave Goergia to the British.

• American merchants, despite laws, controlled transatlantic trade. So Lots of Acts passed to encourage AMericans to benefit British only: Molasses Act placed tariff on French imported molasses, Currency Act also added. British vowed to replace salutaryt neglect with more conttrol.

Chapter 4

New England’s Freehold Society

• According to puritanism, Women were inferior to men and wer expected to remain subservient and have many children. Those who were the best “dutiful helpmates” were known as noble women and were praised.

• The Main point of moving to the New World was to escape landlessness and obtain competency - independent household/land to pass onto next generation). It was part of society to obtain land and stuff. Women relinquished all property to Husband while husbands without land were shamed.

• Because colony populations doubpled each generation, inheritances gradually shrank bc of land competition. WIth less to give, families had less control over their children, who then began deciding who to marry. This freehold ideal only persisted after the Hosuehold Mode of Production was created - families would swap labor and goods.

Diversity in the Middle Colonies

• Ethnically diverse and abundant fertile land was very appealing to settlers. However, much fonlcit with natives. New York had wealthy families with huge manors who struggled to find tenants. Pennsylvania/ New Jersey had lords holding huge land claims, resulting in unequal wealth distribution. ALso, Pennsytlvania was the “best poor man’s country in the world” bc of appeal to Quakers and Protestants. Because of squatters, the Penn family had to do the Walking Purchase, exploiting an old and fraudulent indian deed to claim 1+ million acres of land. As a result, tons of migrants -> prosperity but lots of land contests.Most immigrants were Scots-Irish/German “inmates”

• Ethnically and religously diverse communities, so many tried preserving their own cultural identities by itnermarrying. ALso, appeal of Quakers made many germans travel to the colony escaping religious persecution via Redemptioner system - flexible indentured servitude.

• Scots Irish were protestants who were heavily persecuted. They mostly mnigrated to Phiuladelphia to escape reliogu spresecution, ith some oving to central pennsylvania in search of religious tolerance and land.

• Quakers only allowed ppl with land to marry, so only rich families married while poor families didnt. So they were was a self-contianed, prosperous community. Plus, tons of migrnats == quakers are now a minority!! Alliances were made with german religious groups to sotp Scots-irish from threatening Quaker pacifism/peace with a more agrrgesive indian policy, but fell apart bc of mutual jealously and general disagreement swithin those groups.

• Politics were messy during this time.

Commerce, Culture, Identity

• Print Revolution: Thanks to the loosening of the Licensing Act (british can no longer censor everything), enlightenment and pietism principles took shape as tons of print shops in london printed basically EVERYTHING, with an extensive road network and land/water routes.

• Scientific Revolution challenged chrisaitanity ideas while Enlightenment in America focused on lawlike order of the natural world, power of human reason, “nautral right sof individuals” - john locke and hisideas for the right to self government - and the progressive improvement of society. Benjamin Franklin exists too, and he glorified the enlightenment by founding a newspaper.

American Pietism and the Great Awakening

• Pietism was the idea of emphasizing pious behavior, appealing to people’s harts and not their minds. ALso, George Whitefield transformed local revivals (following the teachings of Johnathan Edwards) by creating the GREAT AWAKENING - challenging Old Lights by advocating pulling ppl into the “new light” of gods grace - they allowed womne to speak in public, gave peo-ple a sense of religious and political authority, foundedf manyt colleges, and udnermined support of traditional churches.

• SOcial conflcit began as Anglican ministers ignored the needs of the many. New Light baptist ministers were radical protestants who believed in a second adult baptism and threatened gentry authority with their message of equality (everyone is brother/suster, regardless of gender or drace) so many tried to use violence or limit their spread. It challenged but eidn’;t overturn customary authority in families.

The Midcentury Challenge

• French and Indian War - ALSO KNOWN AS 7 Year’s WAR- resulted bc of Ohio land dispute and whatever, after the fall of quebec the British won! In Treaty of Paris, the British got literally half of the AMericna continent, including Canda - they dominated the Americas now. Indians were scared of this victory, and Pontiac’s Rebellion occurred bc of this. As a result of the rebellion, British established Proclamation line to bar settlers from settling west of Appalachians.

• Thanks to New land, British had tons of resources. WAnd with industrial revolution, a consumer revolution began in America, too. It raised AMerican’s living standards but resulted on Americans becoming more dependnet on overseas creditors (bc economic recession soon followed).

• Growth of pop caused land conflicts in some of the colnies, and indiain policy/politifcal reprsentation caused more dispute too. Such as the Paxton boys Indian Massacre. And Regulators who demanded eastern-controlled government give western distribts more representation in assembly. They got attention but didn’t remove power from Eastern Elite. Other basic rebellion stuff bruh.

Chapter 5

An Empire Transformed

• Bc of 7 years war, British got huge debts and used huge taxes on colonies to pay for it. Plus, in fera of a possible rebellion like Pontiac’s Rebellion, soldiers were also in the colomies. Cuaisng loyalty issues and whatever.

• Everyone hates George Greenville. He passed Currency Act, Sugar Act, and used vice admiralty courts (run by British judges, not local courts to prosecute colonists - much higher chance at conviction). Colonists thought they were being treated as secondary to British citizens, but were also fearful of the growing power of the Britsh state diminsihingn salutary neglect.

• STAMP ACT!!! MADE TO COVER COST OF STATIONING TROPS! WE ALL HATE THE STAMP ACT! Also quartering Act. We all hate George Greenville. He’s just provoking more animosity.

Rebellion?? No. Just the Dynamics.

• We’re jst complaining about the taxes now. A stamp Act congress was formed to complain more, with boycotts and stuff. Also peoplejust burned down tax collector’s houses. We just wanna compromise. Basically, there was just popular resistance everywhere to the stamp act, which eventually led to its repeal. Plus, a patriot movement began to grow as well.

• TO justify this protest, ppl relied on ideas of Liberty, Magna Carta, Whig Party’s support of enlightenment ideas and natural rights, and the violation of liberties by the British parliament.

• Basically taxation without representation. And patriots dont like this. Also despite this infringement on liberties ppl still justified slavery. Isn’t that crazy?

• Despite removing the stamp act and modifying the sugar act, Rockingham my lord made a declaratory act - “parliament can do whatever it wants blah blah dont try it”. Also Townshend time - he wanted to restrict colonial assemblies and get English the tax revenue it needed, with a Revenue Act and Townshend Act, to undermine american political institutions with parliamentaryt taxes.

• Main Argument: External Taxes (navigation acts) were okay, but internal taxes (ex: direct taxation) were not okay. Lots of Americna resistance with boycotts and stuff, and women even did activism. This increased British determination, and resulted in coercion militarily. British troops moving into reigion, and Boston Massacre angered Amercains and resulted in Lord North persuading parlkiament to repeal duties on manufactured items but keeping the tax on tea as a symbol of british supremacy. Ppl didn’t like North’s compromise.

The Road to Independence

• Townshend Acts repelaed. But now patriots were getting organized with committees of correspondence. In response to teh Boston Tea Party, the Coercive Acts punished MAssachusetts Bay Colony severely. As a result, patriot leaders convened into the first continental congress, and eventually agreed to a demanding repeal of Coercive acts and an economic boycott.

• Patriots start appleaing to Yeomen. Rich southern farmers also start appealing to yeomen, after realizing that Parliament could use the coercive acts to end preresenrtatvie assemblies and steal private property.

• In Areas like FVirginia and Hudson river valley with wealthy planters and landowners, patriots were not supported. ALso quakers and germas didnt support them bnc they didnt want a part in the conflict. Plus, many colonists were still loyalist but were perssured to join boiycotts. Patriots are now a majority of white aAmericans.

Violence East and West

• To summarize basically the entire thing, british authority was wavering. Imperial control was collapsing in aeras like Massachusetts and Ohio. And A second Continental Congress was formed after minutemen fired on Britihs troops at LEXINGTON, CONCORD!! RWEVOLUTION!!! YEAH!!

• But some still wanted reconcilliation, and simply asked King Goerge to repeal his oppressive parliemntary legislation. Other patriots wanted actual independence tho. And america itself was divided among independence patriots vs. loyalists. So Thomas Payne’s comme sense helped turn manyamericans against british rule by rejecting the king and embraciign independence. Declaration of Indepdnnce Created, approved by Congress and written by Thomas Jefferson. He wrote lots of defining porinciples, including all men are created equal with certain unalienable rights and stuff. It won wide support and really cool United States of Murica.

Chapter 6

Summarizing the Entire Revolution

• The British were superior in basically every way. And AMericans suffered defeat after defeat. But General Howe of the british ppls wanted a political compromise and advocated an end fo the coercive acts, and let the rebellion survive instead of annhilalating it. But at the battle of Saratoga, the AMericans came out on top, showing a turning point in the war and ensuring a French military alliance.

• The French/Americans were vastly different (Catholic vs. Protestant) but the ensuing alliance ensured a fight until the end - don’t stop until independence! The french aimed to obtain the british sugar islands. ANd spain joined, too! They wanted florida.

• After Saratoga, George wanted to try easing tensions and get a negotiated settlement. But nah. Americans want inependnece.

• With a naval blockade, Americans had little supplies. During the war, many were asked to donate whatever they had to the war cause. And citizens just had to pay higher prices because of price ceilngs, had to evacuat their homes because of the fighting, and sometimes even defied Patriot mobs.

• Patriot governments were weak and were afraid to raise taxes, using bonds instead. The Patriot ARmy, however, thanks to Baron Von Streuben’s training, helped raise readiness of them.

• At the battle of Valley Forge, so many americans died. How sad.

• During the war, many slaves were conflicted on who to join, with many joining the british bc of the Phulipsburg Proclamation - join british == get freedom

• Eventually, the Americans would win the war, mostly due to French Aid and George Washington and the American People who paid a currency tax to finance the war effort.

• THe War Terms: saw british recognition of AMerican independnce, secession of basically the entire US continent besides canada, and whatevers. Spain got Florida, French got some small war compensation and huge war debt whatevers. Basically America got the most benefits.

Creating Republican Institutions

• Many states were conflicted on what kinds of govenrments to form after the war. Slaves, loyalists, and natives were the losers of the war. And patriots, wanting a central govenrment with limited powers, formed the Articles of Confederation - government could declare war, make treaties, resolve state disputes, and borrow/print money, but tehy couldnt enforce provisions (state sovereign) and couldn’t tax states. As a result, the government was nearly bankrupt.

• 3 Ordinances were created, including the Northwest Oredinance of 1787 (created territories that would become many states, prohibited slavery in those territories, and made a rule saying that once a territory has 60k+ pl they could vy to congress for statehood). These ordinances provided orderly settlement and an admission of new states framework.

• Shay’s Rebellion: Farmers were protesting tax rates and land seizures. Made it clear to the new government that there were tough times ahead - reassembled resistance to the stamp act

Constitution of 1787

• As a result of these monetary conflicts, there was Philadelphia convention. 2 plans came about - Virginia Plan (embrace power national govenrment by the people and not the states with a three tier election system) and New Jersey Plan (states could control own laws and each state had 1 unanimous vote for legislature - favored smaller states, lost out to Virginia plan)

• Great Compromise: 2 members from each state for House of Representatives and whatever, slavery was allowed - ⅗ of a person:????

• Federalists vs. Antifederalists: federalists supported the constitution (calling for powerful pro-creditor government with taxation, defense, and exernal commerce powers) while antifederalists feared that states would lose power. The Federalist Papers were made to try ocnvinicng ppl to be federalist. But after federalists promised “Bill of Rights,” people finally agreed and the American Constitutional Revolution of 1787 was finished. Constitution made! yay!

Chapters 1-15 Vocab Lists/Review

Chapters 1-3

• Great Basin: Dry and Arid, most likely nomadic peoples

• Great Plains: Like the Lakota - followed and chased buffalo herds, were also nomadic

• Atlantic Seaboard: Permanent settlement and mixed hunter-gathering cultures, as the land was fertile for farming societies

• Pacific Northwest: Reliant on fishing

• Maize Cultivation allowed for the development of extensive trade networks and stuff.

1. Massachusetts Bay Colony:
• Geography: Located in the New England region, it had rocky soil and a cold climate.
• Settlers: Primarily settled by Puritans seeking religious freedom.
• Economy: Initially focused on fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. Later, agriculture became important.
• Religion: Predominantly Puritan, with a strict moral code.

2. New Hampshire:
• Geography: Similar to Massachusetts, with a colder climate.
• Settlers: Originally part of Massachusetts Bay Colony, settled by Puritans. Later attracted individuals seeking economic opportunities.
• Economy: Fishing, trade, and some agriculture.

3. Connecticut:
• Geography: Varied, with fertile land in the Connecticut River Valley.
• Settlers: Puritans seeking religious freedom and economic opportunities.
• Economy: Agriculture, trade, and manufacturing.

4. Rhode Island:
• Geography: Coastal and hilly terrain.
• Settlers: Founded by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson, attracted religious dissenters and those seeking religious tolerance.
• Economy: Trade, shipbuilding, and agriculture.

1. New York:
• Geography: Diverse, with fertile soil in the Hudson River Valley.
• Settlers: Originally settled by the Dutch; later controlled by the English. Diverse population including Dutch, English, and others.
• Economy: Trade, agriculture, and commerce.

2. New Jersey:
• Geography: Varied, with fertile soil.
• Settlers: Initially settled by the Dutch and Swedes, later controlled by the English. Diverse population.
• Economy: Agriculture, trade, and commerce.

3. Pennsylvania:
• Geography: Fertile land with a moderate climate.
• Settlers: Founded by William Penn, attracted Quakers seeking religious freedom and pacifism.
• Economy: Agriculture (grains), trade, and commerce.

4. Delaware:
• Geography: Coastal, with flat terrain.
• Settlers: Initially settled by the Dutch and Swedes, later controlled by the English.
• Economy: Agriculture, trade, and commerce.

1. Maryland:
• Geography: Varied, with fertile soil.
• Settlers: Founded as a refuge for Catholics but had a majority Protestant population.
• Economy: Agriculture (tobacco), trade, and commerce.

2. Virginia:
• Geography: Coastal with flat terrain.
• Settlers: Initially primarily English aristocrats and later a mix of settlers seeking economic opportunities.
• Economy: Agriculture (tobacco), trade, and commerce.

3. North Carolina:
• Geography: Varied, with fertile land.
• Settlers: Primarily English farmers, traders, and religious dissenters.
• Economy: Agriculture (tobacco, rice, indigo), trade.

4. South Carolina:
• Geography: Coastal with flat terrain.
• Settlers: A mix of English settlers, including wealthy planters.
• Economy: Agriculture (rice, indigo), trade, and commerce.

5. Georgia:
• Geography: Coastal with a warm climate.
• Settlers: Founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors and a buffer against Spanish Florida.
• Economy: Initially focused on small farms; later, rice and indigo cultivation became important.

• These colonies have a society dominated by freeholding and inheritance (fathers want to have competency - ability to pass an independent household to their children).

• With a population boom, inheritances grew smaller and smaller. With less to give, parents could no longer completely control their kid’s lives.

• Household mode of production saved the freehold system, as families worked amongst themselves, swapping labor and goods.

• Ex: John Locke’s Two Treaties said that people had the right to overthrow their government if the government didnt respond to what tehy wanted. Government by the people, for the people.

• Slaves in both regions lacked rights as chattel slavery expanded (slaves defined increasingly as property, and becoming more racially identified (african == slave). Slaves in both regions also developed ways to escape slavery (running away, faking sickness, etc).

• In north, slaves often lived in port cities doing skilled labor work. In south, slaves were most often in plantations.

• Slaves had more opportunities for freedom in the north than in the south

Chapters 4-6

• Challenged traditional churches and funded separatist churches (favored separation between church and state)

• First unifying event in colonial history - shared by basically every colony. Isn’t that cool???

• Founded many colleges and churches, gave sense of religious/political authority to colonists, created new denominations of protestantism

• Protestant Evangelicalism brought from great britain to Europe

• IN PHILADELPHIA AND PENNSYLVANIA: These ideas were widely received and supported.

• Navigation Act (only trade with English, but settlers still smuggled goods. The sugar and stuff given to England helped to continue driving the slave trade.),

• Molasses Act (placing high tariff on French Molasses, so it wouldn’t be profitable for American merchants to import it.)

• Excise/Sales taxes enacted after 7 Years War (shifted taxes from land to “consumables” - anything that could be taxed, was taxed.)

• Currency Act: prohibited the issue of new bills of credit by New England colonies to control currency depreciation against silver and sterling and to ensure its value for payments of debt to British merchants. THis policy was extended to all colonies later.

• Sugar Act: meant to replace Molasses Act, set the duty on English sugar to a payable price + taxed stuff like wine too, was enforced through vice-admiralty courts.

• Stamp Act: required a stamp on all printed documents, was meant to cover the cost of stationing troops in America + cost of the 7 Years War. For the first time the British had levied an explicit tax on the colonist for the purpose of raising revenue, previous taxes were seen as trade taxes and tolerated by colonial residents. This tax, however, would get much resentment and would later be nullified in 1766.

• Quartering Act: required colonists to provide barracks for british soldiers.

• Declaratory Act: after repealing Stamp Act, this was just a statement saying “Parliament can control laws and control colonists. Be afraid.”

• Revenue Act: established board of customs commissioners in Boston and Vice Admiralty Courts

• Townshend Act: imposed import duties on 72 items including paint, tea, glass and paper. The revenue raised from it was to provide for the salaries of colonial officers and its administration. This was an internal tax (direct taxation) and colonists hated these compared to external taxes (ex: navigation acts)

• Tea Act: this made British tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea in an attempt to get colonists to import it. This harmed smugglers and shippers ppl tho, and later the Boston Tea Party would happen.

• Coercive Acts: To punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, this act forced them to pay for tea, submit to imperial authority (under direct control of crown bc charter revoked), new Quartering Act and Justice Act and Quebec Act enacted too.

• Fighting started at Lexington/Concord.

• At first, The Americans were hopeless, suffering tons of defeats. After all, they were facing the strongest military in the world.

• Turning Point was Battle of Saratoga, where Horatio Gates was able to force a British surrender. This battle would ensure French military alliance.

• Legacy: The Treaty of Paris saw British recognize America’s independence, secede all lands south of the great lakes, and fishing rights for Americans off of Nova Scotia. In return, British merchants could pursue legal claims for prewar debts, as well as rights returned to loyalists. America would be incredibly in debt lol.

• The treaty of Versailles saw Spain get Florida (not Gibraltar), french get Tobago, small war compensation, and increased taxes + 4x their war debt.

• George Washington: this was the man with the plan. As a former general of the British army, he knew what he was doing. And his skillful tactics helped ensure a victory for America.

• Marquis de Lafayette: A French officer (and later American General) instrumental in bringing French support to America. He was dedicated to the American cause of liberty and justice (and he also hated British people). With his insistence, the French sent troops and ships and supplies to America.

• Baron von Steuben: This was a Prussian officer who helped straighten out Washington’s force, giving them proper training and making them a proper fighting force. He was also a closeted gay.

• Basically, states rights was asserted. However, there was always the threat of uprisings against the state govenrments (ex: Shay’s Rebellion - General Daniel Shays organized rebellion in response to economic hardship and high taxes imposed by the state government, which many farmers felt were unfairly targeting them, demanding debt relief and lower taxes. It highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and the need for a stronger central government)

• Virginia's plan accepted but state politicians didn't like national government's ability to overturn state laws + they hated how voting based on population would let the populous states have their way.

• With this turmoil, the Great Compromise was made (national legislature would have 2 members from each state, and a House of Representatives. State-related issues would be solved by leaving central authority extent ambiguous.

• Antifederalists didnt support this constitution (as they feared loss of state’s rights, wanting states to be sovereign instead) while Federalists supported federal power/the constitution.

• Federalists James Madison, john Jay, Alexander Hamilton creates a series of essays named “The Federalist” to influence political leaders throughout the country.

• To sway antifederalists and win over more delegates, federalists promised a national Bill of Rights.

• Madison also made the Federalist No. 10 to sway more peoples.

• Thus the American Constitutional Revolution of 1788 ended in the creation of the American COnstitution, as federalist-minded civilians affirmed allegiance to a self-governing, elite-ruled republican nation.

• The Constitution basically affirmed some state autonomy while having a strong central government. To account for power issues, the framers of the constitution separated congress and the presidency.

Chapters 7-9

• The democratic-Republicans were focused on Social improvement, lack of corruption and social distinctions, and focusing on farm families with grain and meat. Meanwhile, federalists wanted manufacturing.

• During the French revolution, Americans would be divided between supporting the democratic ideals of the revolution or being apprehensive about the social upheaval that could result.

• National Bank would be REJECTED By Jefferson/Madison.

• Whiskey Rebellion: ideological resistance to hamilton’s economic policies -> was a protest against exise taxes on whiskey/spirits.

• Naturalization Act: Established rules for becoming citizens of U.S - must declare intention for citizenship, must be white, must be here for 2 years.

• Alien Act: Allowed president to deport any non-citizen deemed dangerous to national security

• Sedition Act: Restricted press and media (restriction of freedom of speech - it was a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials).

• These treaties resulted from the U.S. government asserting sovereignty and ownership of transappalacian western lands, during Jefferson’s presidency.

• Marbury v. Madison: Declared the Supreme Court was the final interpreter of the Constitution and thus had the authority to declare laws unconstitutional

• McCulloch v Maryland: State tried taxing federal bank -> Declared that national laws trump state laws when the two contradict

• Fletcher v. Peck: Showed that federal courts had the power of declaring state laws unconstitutional

• Barriers for women were put in place while ordinary white men benefitted from this merit-based social ranking whatevers.

• Republican Ideal of COmpanionate marriage (thanks to spread of sentimentalism - importance of “feeling”) arose + republican mothers (run households and raise children)

• South Argued Equal Rights (you can’t impose stuff on Missouri that you didnt impose on other states), Constitution granted state sovereignty w/ internal affairs and domestic institutions (ex: slavery), congress had no right to infringe property rights of slaveholders

• Henry Clay made the Missouri Compromise: Missouri would be admitted, tehre would be a compromise line that prohibited slavery above it

• Slave freedoms - manumissions (allowed woners to free their slaves) were encouraged by religious and intellectual ideals during the great awakening.

• Southern States would begin to justify slavery with “necessary evil” - THomas Jefferson -> they redefined republicanism as a herrenvolk republic (master race - individual liberty and legal equality restricted to whites - north and south growing apart)

• Cheaper Labor: Waltham-Lowell System recruited young women from farm families under strict rules (ex: must go to church, have a curfew, no drinking, etc.) but gave them greater freedoms and better living conditions.

• New Tools were brought by british mechanics, including machine tools (machines for machines), cotton gin, etc. Machine tools becam emass produced and helped machines operate even faster.
• Increasing Cotton production -> cotton gin, more slaves

• Artisan Republicanism ideal arose - all producers should be equal and free to work for themselves. However, wage workers increased in number as factories increased. So unions also started existing, advocating the labor theory of value - price of goods= price of labor and profits should go to producers

• States and the national government helped to fund these transport systems (including a new postal system, too). This all heped to streamline the flow of goods/people/resources/news.

• RAILROADS: became the main carrier of wheat/freight and linked western cities to adjacent states

• At this time, the north was rapidly industrializing. Southern planters (except virginia) stuck to agriculture.

• Plus, most americans started moving west of the appalacian mountains. I dont really know why.

• As a result, an emphasis on public/private sphere separatoi among women began to emerge, too. Women should stick to the private, domestic sphere, while men should engage in the political public sphere.

Chapters 10-12

• Emphasized party identity instead of family connections

• Used Spoils system (appointing friends to legal bureaucracy positions) and patronage to get even more power

• Used caucasus (meetings of party leaders) to ensure passage of party legislature programs

• Believed that tariff was meant to be beneficial to northern manufacturers, harmful to south

• So, they enacted the Ordinance of Nullification (declared the tariffs null and void, and that attempts to force their payment -> secession). They based the right of nullification (voiding congress law) on state’s rights.

• Jackson declared the ordinance unconstitutional, and that disunion by force was treason. To amend the crisis, he lobbied for a military force bill (1833) to compel South Carolina. Plus, a new tariff that gradually reduced rates quelled fears.

• Embraced rotating officeholders with every new administration

• He wanted to destroy the american system (and he did when Clay tried to renew the second bank of america’s charter early, along with new supreme court judge Roger B. Taney)

• He signed the Indian Removal Act, and a ton of treaties. Especially with the cherokee tribe, who lobbied for exemption from taxes.

• Trail of Tears. Very Sad.

1. Shakers

• Led by “reincarnation of christ” Mother Ann

• Temperance (sex was no-no, alcohol was no no, etc.), orphan adopting to sustain utopia, men/woman had equal governing rights in the utopia (sexual equality)

• Declined because: orphanage creation. Legacy: wooden furniture!

1. Fourierist Movement

• Started by Charles Fourier, carried by Albert Brisbane and his socialism ideas

• Liberated workers from their wages (working in phalanxes, common property ownership, sharing work between genders/people)

• Declined Because: work responsibility conflict, lack of leader

1. Oneidas

• Started by John Humphey Noyes, embraced shaker ideas of true socialism. He believed in perfectionism - ppl should aspire to sinless perfection

• NO MARRIAGE! Marry the community instead 😊and marry young too!!!

• After Noyes fled, the society was quite self sustaining.

1. Mormon Moments

• Started by Joseph Smith. They were known for taking over towns and stuff. Plus, people didn't like their polygamy message.

• Bringham Young led a group to Utah, where they could continue their polygamy stuff. Another group stayed in U.S. where they didnt do that.

• Mormon War: Mormons in utah began to blatantly not follow federal authority. After some bloodshed, Buchanan offered pardon to Utah citizens who acknowledged federal authority.

• David walker /appeal: protested black wretchedness, ridiculed religious slave owners, advocated slaves to use force; no holding back.

• Nat turner: gave the idea of actual resistance /rebellion, his revolt (while unsuccessful) scared slave owners sh*tless; southern states started toughening slave codes (radical appeal vs. radical measures. ouch.)

• 3 Step process: using steam powered presses to spread abolitionmist literature all over the country, using underground railroad and lodging for escaped slaves to help achieve their freedom, having a political campaign bombarding congress with petitions to end slavery - petitions supported by relioigus peoples.

• William Lloyd Garrison / Angelina and Sarah Grimke: determined abolitionist, publishing papers every week advocating abilitionism, worked with the grimke sisters to establish groups (along with Theodore Weld, the American Anti-SSlavery Society and "The Liberator") and articles (with the sisters he wrote "American slavery as it is: testimony of a thousand witnesses").

• Other abolitionists did stuff too (women established separate groups, THeodore Weld wrote "The Bible against Slavery" using religious reasons).

• Because Garisson wanted to incorporate the fight for women's rights in the group, the group split - his opponents created the liberty party focusing solely on abolitionism and garrison's group focused on both issues.

• On top of that, abolitionists were a minority, they hated interracial mixing (amalgamation), and the majority anti-abolitionists (wage workers were the majority of haters, fearing that blacks would steal their jobs. Anyone who made money from slavery also wasn't a fan of abolitionism.) enacted the Gag rule, slowing abolitionist efforts.

• Harriet Tubman and underground railroad: the underground railroad was a system of transport networks that helped tons of Africans reach northern freedom. Harriet Tubman among other abolitionists helped these slaves escape along the path.

• The Gag rule: all petitions to end slavery were tabled, meaning Congress would not care.

• amalgamation: interracial mixing through marriage (blacks marrying whites, vise versa)

• Mary Walker Ostram: used religious convictions to justify women's rights

• Separate sphere: argument used to deny women's public presence. In this sense, women should be restricted to being republican mothers, staying out of trade/political/justice affairs. Stay in the private vs. the public sphere.

• Female Moral Reform Society: founded by lydia finney, provided moral guidance, grew into a national institution and helped make seduction illegal.

• Dorothea Dix: helped establish asylums for mentally ill, convincing many states to improve prisons/hospitals with her agitation and reports.

• Catharine Beecher: leader of women teachers, argued women were more qualified for teaching than men, believed that women should exercise authority as teachers/mothers instead of Grimkes view of equal civic rights (enlightenment principles)

• Uncle Tom's Cabin: A novel showing the profound moral failing of slavery, through sexual assault violating slaves and slave-owner's wives. Written by Horace Mann, who also headed a movement to increase education.

• Married WOmen's property Laws: with the fight to strengthen women's legal rights, these property laws allowed married women to own their property. Later laws allowed them to have full legal control over property brought by marriage.

• Seneca Falls convention: a gathering of women's rights activist that led to the declaration of sentiments (using republican ideals, like that in the Declartoin of Independence) to give women freedom)

• Declaration of Sentiments: What did I JUST SAY. IOLJFDSI*FHIUKJHEW *&UYHZDX HUYUY*&I*U&W(*U&Y

• Due to these, slave families were getting torn apart. They were seen as property of whites (chattel principle)

• Rice farmers used a task system: complete # of defined tasks per day. This meant that rice slave ppl were much more free and much less restricted than the gang-labor sugar cotton slaves.

• Most Southerners didn’t actually own slaves. Only the rich could afford them.

• South lacked skill workers, and those in power were likely the only ones with slaves.

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

• Lincoln made use of executive powers in order to pass this act. As “commander-in-chief,” he felt as if he had the right to do so.

Chapter 15

• Despite sharecropping’s success (and its subsequent spread to other parts of the world), it left little incentive for improvement or innovation, and crop-lien’s reliance on interest payments left no money for agricultural or life movements. Finally, sharecropping committed the south to cotton, resulting in a stagnant farm economy.

Semester 2

Chapter 16 - Conquering a Continent

16.1 - The Republican Vision

16.2 - Incorporating the West

16.3 - A Harvest of Blood: Native Peoples Dispossessed

Extra Bolded/Important Terms

Chapter 17 - Industrial America: Corporations and Conflicts

17.1: The Rise of Big Business

17.2: Immigrants, East and West

17.3: Labor Gets Organized

Chapter 18 - The Victorians Make the Modern

18.1 - Commerce and Culture

18.2 - Women, Men, and the Solitude of Self

18.3 - Science and Faith

Extra Bolded/Important Terms

Chapter 19 - Rise/Reform of Industrial Cities

19.1 - The New Metropolis

19.2 - Governing the Great City

19.3 - Crucibles of Progressive Reform

Extra Bold/Important Terms

Chapter 20 - Industrializing America: Upheavals and Experiments

20.1 - Reform Visions, 1880-1892

20.2 - The Political Earthquakes of the 1890s

20.3 - Reform Reshaped

20.4 - Wilson and the New Freedom

Extra Bold/Important Terms

Chapter 21 - An Emerging World Power

21.1 - From Expansionism to Imperialism

21.2 - A Power Among Powers

21.3 - The United States in World War 1

21.4 - Catastrophe at Versailles

Chapter 22 - Domestic and Global Challenges

22.1 - Conflicted Legacies of WW1

22.2 - Politics in the 1920s

22.3 - Intellectual Modernism

22.4 - From Boom to Bust

Chapter 23 - Managing the Great Depression

23.1 - Early Responses to the Depression

23.2 - The New Deal Arrives

23.3 - The Second New Deal and the Redefining of Liberalism

23.4 - The New Deal’s Impact on Society

Chapter 24 - The World at War

24.1 - The Road to War

24.2 - Organizing for Victory

24.3 - Life on the Home Front

24.4 - Fighting and Winning the War

Chapter 25 - Cold War America

25.1 - Containment and a Divided Global Order

25.2 - Cold War Liberalism

25.3 - Containment in the Postcolonial World

Chapter 26 - Triumph of the Middle Class

26.1 - Postwar Prosperity and the Affluent Society

26.2 - The American Family in the Era of Containment

26.3 - A Suburban Nation

Chapter 27 - Walking into Freedom Land: The Civil Rights Movement

27.1 - The Emerging Civil Rights Struggle

27.2 - Forging a Protest Movement

27.3 - Beyond Civil Rights

Chapter 28 - The Modern State and the Age of Liberalism

28.1 - Liberalism at High Tide

28.2 - The Vietnam War Begins

28.3 - Days of Rage, 1968-1972

28.4 - Richard Nixon and the Politics of the Silent Majority

Chapter 29 - The Search for Order in an Era of Limits

29.1 - An Era of Limits

29.2 - Politics in Flux, 1973-1980

29.3 - Reform and Reaction in the 1970s

29.4 - The American Family on Trial

Chapter 30 - Conservative America in the Ascent

30.1 - The Rise of the New Right

30.2 - The Dawning of the Conservative Age

30.3 - The End of the Cold War